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The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre 3.7 mi Diolkos wagonway, which transported boats across the Corinth isthmus in Greece during the 9th century BCE Trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos ran for over 1300 years. Railroads began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railroad in Europe from this period is a stained-glass window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany, dating from around 1350. In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Castle in Austria. The line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope, and was operated by human or animal power. The line still exists, albeit in updated form, and is probably the oldest railway still to operate
By 1550, narrow gauge railways with wooden rails were common in mines in Europe. By the 17th century, wooden wagonways were common in the United Kingdom for transporting coal from mines to canal wharfs for transshipment to boats. The world's oldest continually working railway, built in 1758, is the Middleton Railway in Leeds. In 1764, the first gravity railroad in the United States was built in Lewiston, New York. The first permanent was the 1810 Leiper Railroad.The first iron plate rail way made with cast iron plats on top of wooden rails, was taken into use in 1768. This allowed a variation of gauge to be used. At first only balloon loops could be used for turning, but later, movable points were taken into use, that allowed for switching. From the 1790s, iron edge rails began to appear in the United Kingdom.In 1803, William Jessop opened the Surrey Iron Railway in south London, arguably the world's first horse-drawn public railway. Hot rolling iron allowed the brittle, and thus often uneven, cast iron railsto be replaced by wrought iron in 1805. These were succeeded by steel in 1857.
